非攻中Against Aggression II

子墨子言曰：古者王公大人爲政於國家者，情欲毀譽之審，賞罰之當，刑政之不過失，故當攻戰而不可爲也。今師徒唯毋興起，冬行恐寒，夏行恐暑，此不可以冬夏爲者也。春則廢民耕稼樹藝，秋則廢民穫斂。今唯毋廢一時，則百姓飢寒凍餒而死者，不可勝數；今嘗計軍上，竹箭、羽旄、幄幕、甲、盾、撥，劼往而靡弊腑冷不反者，不可勝數；又與矛、戟、戈、劒、乘車，其列往碎折靡弊而不反者，不可勝數；與其牛馬肥而往、瘠而反，往死亡而不反者，不可勝數；與其涂道之脩遠，糧食輟絕而不繼，百姓死者，不可勝數也；與其居處之不安，食飲之不時，飢飽之不節，百姓之道疾病而死者，不可勝數。喪師多不可勝數，喪師盡不可勝計，則是鬼神之喪其主后，亦不可勝數。

Master Mozi said: In antiquity the kings, dukes, and great men who governed states truly desired that blame and praise be discerning, that rewards and punishments be fitting, and that penal administration be without error; therefore aggressive warfare must not be undertaken. Now once armies are raised, if they march in winter one fears the cold, and if they march in summer one fears the heat; so it cannot be done in winter or summer. If in spring, it takes the people from their plowing, sowing, and planting; if in autumn, it takes them from their harvesting and gathering. Now if they lose even one season, the common people who starve, freeze, and die will be beyond counting. And now let us reckon up the army's supplies: the bamboo arrows, feathered banners, tents and curtains, armor, shields, and bucklers that go out and are worn away, rotted, and never return are beyond counting. Then the spears, halberds, dagger-axes, swords, and war chariots that go out in their ranks and are broken, shattered, worn out, and never return are beyond counting. Then the oxen and horses that go out fat and return lean, or go out to die and never return, are beyond counting. Then, with the length and distance of the roads and the provisions cut off and not replenished, the common people who die are beyond counting. Then, with their lodgings unsettled, their food and drink irregular, their hunger and fullness unmeasured, the common people who fall sick on the road and die are beyond counting. The armies lost are beyond counting; the armies lost utterly are beyond reckoning; and so the ghosts and spirits who lose those who sacrifice to them are also beyond counting.

國家發政，奪民之用、廢民之利若此甚衆，然而何爲爲之？曰：我貪伐勝之名，及得之利，故爲之。子墨子言曰：計其所自勝，無所可用也。計其所得，反不如所喪者之多。今攻三里之城，七里之郭，攻此不用銳，且無殺而徒得，此然也。殺人多必數於萬，寡必數於千，然後三里之城、七里之郭且可得也。今萬乘之國，虛數於千，不勝而入，廣衍數於萬，不勝而辟。然則土地者，所有餘也；王民者，所不足也。今盡王民之死，嚴下上之患，以爭虛城，則是棄所不足，而重所有餘也。爲政若此，非國之務者也。

When a state issues its policies and thus takes away the people's resources and deprives them of their benefit on so vast a scale, why does it do so? They say: 'We covet the fame of conquest and the gain from it; that is why we do it.' Master Mozi said: Reckon what they gain by victory, and it is of no use at all; reckon what they obtain, and it is far less than what they lose. Now to attack a city three li across with an outer wall of seven li: if this could be attacked without using the choicest troops, and taken without any killing, that would be one thing. But the dead must number in the tens of thousands at most and in the thousands at least before a city three li across with an outer wall of seven li can be taken. Now a state of ten thousand chariots has empty towns numbering in the thousands, more than it can occupy, and broad open lands numbering in the tens of thousands, more than it can bring under the plow. Land, then, is what they have in surplus; people are what they lack. Now to send the people to their deaths and to aggravate the troubles of high and low alike in order to contend for an empty city is to throw away what one lacks and to add to what one has in surplus. To govern like this is not what the business of a state requires.

飾攻戰者也言曰：南則荆吳之王，北則齊晉之君，始封於天下之時，其土地之方，未至有數百里也；人徒之衆，未至有數十萬人也。以攻戰之故，土地之博至有數千里，人徒之衆至有數百萬人，是故攻戰之速也。子墨子言曰：雖四五國則得利焉，猶謂之非行道也。譬若醫之藥人之有病者然，今有醫於此，和合其祝藥之于天下之有病者而藥之，萬人食此，若醫四五人得利焉，猶謂之非行藥也。故孝子不以食其親，忠臣不以食其君。古者封國於天下，尚者以耳之所聞，近者以目之所見，以攻戰亡者不可勝數。何以知其然也？東方有莒之國者，其爲國甚小，閒於大國之閒，不敬事於大，大國亦弗之從而愛利。是以東者越人夾削其壤地，西者齊人兼而有之。計莒之所以亡於齊越之閒者，以是攻戰也。雖南者陳蔡，其所以亡於吳越之閒者，亦以攻戰。雖北者且一、不著何，其所以亡於燕代胡貊之閒者，亦以攻戰也。是故子墨子曰：古者有語：「謀而不得，則以往知來，以見知隱。」謀若此，可得而知矣。

Those who dress up aggressive warfare say: 'In the south, the kings of Jing and Wu; in the north, the lords of Qi and Jin: when they were first enfeoffed in the world, their territory did not amount to several hundred li square, nor their populations to several hundred thousand. Because of aggressive warfare, their territory has grown to several thousand li and their populations to several millions. So aggressive warfare is quick to bring results.' Master Mozi said: Though four or five states may have profited, we still call this not practicing the Way. It is like a physician treating people's illnesses with medicine. Suppose there is a physician here who compounds his drugs and gives them to all the sick people in the world; if ten thousand people take them and only four or five are benefited, we would still say this is no working medicine. So a filial son would not give it to his parents, nor a loyal minister to his ruler. Of the states enfeoffed in the world in antiquity, the earlier ones known by what the ear has heard and the later ones by what the eye has seen, those that perished through aggressive warfare are beyond counting. How do we know this is so? In the east there was the state of Ju, a very small state wedged between great states. It did not respectfully serve the great states, and the great states in turn did not care for and benefit it. So on the east the men of Yue pared away its territory, and on the west the men of Qi annexed and possessed it. Reckoning why Ju perished between Qi and Yue, it was because of aggressive warfare. And in the south, Chen and Cai perished between Wu and Yue, likewise because of aggressive warfare. And in the north, Juyi and Buzhuhe perished among Yan, Dai, the Hu, and the Mo, likewise because of aggressive warfare. This is why Master Mozi said: There is an ancient saying: 'When planning yields nothing, use the past to know the future and use the seen to know the hidden.' Plan in this way, and it can be known.

飾攻戰者之言曰：彼不能收用彼衆，是故亡。我能收用我衆，以此攻戰於天下，誰敢不賓服哉？子墨子言曰：子雖能收用子之衆，子豈若古者吳闔閭哉？古者吳闔閭教七年，奉甲執兵，奔三百里而舍焉，次注林，出於冥隘之徑，戰於柏舉，中楚國而朝宋與魯。及至夫差之身，北而攻齊，舍於汶上，戰於艾陵，大敗齊人而葆之大山。東而攻越，濟三江五湖，而葆之會稽。九夷之國莫不賓服。於是退不能賞孤，施舍羣萌，自恃其力，伐其攻，譽其智，怠於教，遂築姑蘇之臺，七年不成。及若此，則吳有離罷之心。越王句踐視吳上下不相得，收其衆以復其讐。入北郭，徙大內，圍王宮，而吳國以亡。昔者晉有六將軍，而智伯莫爲强焉。計其土地之博，人徒之衆，欲以抗諸侯，以爲英名。故差論其爪牙之士，比列其舟車之衆，以攻中行氏而有之。以其謀爲旣已足矣，又攻茲范氏而大敗之。并三家以爲一家而不止，又圍趙襄子於晉陽。及若此，則韓魏亦相從而謀曰：「古者有語：『脣亡則齒寒。』趙氏朝亡，我夕從之；趙氏夕亡，吾朝從之。詩曰：『魚水不務，陸將何及乎？』」是以三主之君一心戮力，辟門除道，奉甲興士，韓魏自外，趙氏自內，擊智伯，大敗之。

Those who dress up aggressive warfare say: 'They perished because they could not gather and employ their masses. We can gather and employ our masses, and with them wage war across the world; who will dare not submit?' Master Mozi said: Though you may be able to gather and employ your masses, how could you compare with Helü of Wu in antiquity? In antiquity Helü of Wu trained his troops for seven years; then, bearing armor and carrying weapons, they ran three hundred li before making camp. They halted at Zhulin, came out through the pass of Ming'ai, fought at Boju, struck into the heart of Chu, and made Song and Lu come to court. By the time of Fuchai, he attacked Qi to the north, camped on the Wen, fought at Ailing, inflicted a great defeat on the men of Qi, and drove them to shelter at Mount Tai. He attacked Yue to the east, crossed the Three Rivers and the Five Lakes, and drove them to shelter at Kuaiji. Of the states of the Nine Yi, none failed to submit. But then, on his return, he could not reward the orphaned or give to the common people. He relied on his own strength, boasted of his exploits, extolled his own wisdom, and grew slack in instruction. He set about building the Gusu Terrace, and in seven years it was not finished. By this point the people of Wu had grown weary and alienated. King Goujian of Yue saw that high and low in Wu were at odds, gathered his masses to avenge his grievance, entered the northern outer wall, moved on the great inner palace, surrounded the royal palace, and so the state of Wu perished. In former times Jin had six generals, and among them none was stronger than Zhi Bo. Reckoning the breadth of his territory and the number of his people, he wished to stand against the lords and win a heroic name. So he selected his fiercest warriors, marshaled his host of boats and chariots, and attacked the house of Zhonghang and took it. Thinking his plans already sufficient, he next attacked the house of Fan and inflicted a great defeat on it. Having combined three houses into one, he still did not stop, but besieged Zhao Xiangzi at Jinyang. At this, Han and Wei took counsel with each other, saying: 'There is an ancient saying: “When the lips are gone, the teeth are cold.” If the Zhao perish in the morning, we follow in the evening; if the Zhao perish in the evening, we follow in the morning. The Ode says: “If the fish do not act while in the water, how can they manage once on land?”' So the rulers of the three houses, of one mind and united in effort, opened their gates and cleared the roads, took up armor and raised their troops, Han and Wei from without and Zhao from within, and struck Zhi Bo and inflicted a great defeat on him.

是故子墨子言曰：古者有語曰：「君子不鏡於水，而鏡於人。鏡於水見面之容，鏡於人則知吉與凶。」今以功戰爲利，則蓋嘗鑒之於智伯之事乎？此其爲不吉而凶，旣可得而知矣。

Therefore Master Mozi said: There is an ancient saying: 'The gentleman does not use water as his mirror, but uses other people as his mirror. Mirrored in water, one sees the features of one's face; mirrored in other people, one knows good fortune from ill.' Now those who take aggressive warfare to be beneficial, might they not take the affair of Zhi Bo as their mirror? That it is not good fortune but ill can already be known.