非攻中Against Aggression II

子墨子言曰：古者王公大人为政于国家者，情欲毁誉之审，赏罚之当，刑政之不过失，故当攻战而不可为也。今师徒唯毋兴起，冬行恐寒，夏行恐暑，此不可以冬夏为者也。春则废民耕稼树艺，秋则废民获敛。今唯毋废一时，则百姓饥寒冻馁而死者，不可胜数；今尝计军上，竹箭、羽旄、幄幕、甲、盾、拨，劼往而靡弊腑冷不反者，不可胜数；又与矛、戟、戈、劒、乘车，其列往碎折靡弊而不反者，不可胜数；与其牛马肥而往、瘠而反，往死亡而不反者，不可胜数；与其涂道之修远，粮食辍绝而不继，百姓死者，不可胜数也；与其居处之不安，食饮之不时，饥饱之不节，百姓之道疾病而死者，不可胜数。丧师多不可胜数，丧师尽不可胜计，则是鬼神之丧其主后，亦不可胜数。

Master Mozi said: In antiquity the kings, dukes, and great men who governed states truly desired that blame and praise be discerning, that rewards and punishments be fitting, and that penal administration be without error; therefore aggressive warfare must not be undertaken. Now once armies are raised, if they march in winter one fears the cold, and if they march in summer one fears the heat; so it cannot be done in winter or summer. If in spring, it takes the people from their plowing, sowing, and planting; if in autumn, it takes them from their harvesting and gathering. Now if they lose even one season, the common people who starve, freeze, and die will be beyond counting. And now let us reckon up the army's supplies: the bamboo arrows, feathered banners, tents and curtains, armor, shields, and bucklers that go out and are worn away, rotted, and never return are beyond counting. Then the spears, halberds, dagger-axes, swords, and war chariots that go out in their ranks and are broken, shattered, worn out, and never return are beyond counting. Then the oxen and horses that go out fat and return lean, or go out to die and never return, are beyond counting. Then, with the length and distance of the roads and the provisions cut off and not replenished, the common people who die are beyond counting. Then, with their lodgings unsettled, their food and drink irregular, their hunger and fullness unmeasured, the common people who fall sick on the road and die are beyond counting. The armies lost are beyond counting; the armies lost utterly are beyond reckoning; and so the ghosts and spirits who lose those who sacrifice to them are also beyond counting.

国家发政，夺民之用、废民之利若此甚众，然而何为为之？曰：我贪伐胜之名，及得之利，故为之。子墨子言曰：计其所自胜，无所可用也。计其所得，反不如所丧者之多。今攻三里之城，七里之郭，攻此不用锐，且无杀而徒得，此然也。杀人多必数于万，寡必数于千，然后三里之城、七里之郭且可得也。今万乘之国，虚数于千，不胜而入，广衍数于万，不胜而辟。然则土地者，所有余也；王民者，所不足也。今尽王民之死，严下上之患，以争虚城，则是弃所不足，而重所有余也。为政若此，非国之务者也。

When a state issues its policies and thus takes away the people's resources and deprives them of their benefit on so vast a scale, why does it do so? They say: 'We covet the fame of conquest and the gain from it; that is why we do it.' Master Mozi said: Reckon what they gain by victory, and it is of no use at all; reckon what they obtain, and it is far less than what they lose. Now to attack a city three li across with an outer wall of seven li: if this could be attacked without using the choicest troops, and taken without any killing, that would be one thing. But the dead must number in the tens of thousands at most and in the thousands at least before a city three li across with an outer wall of seven li can be taken. Now a state of ten thousand chariots has empty towns numbering in the thousands, more than it can occupy, and broad open lands numbering in the tens of thousands, more than it can bring under the plow. Land, then, is what they have in surplus; people are what they lack. Now to send the people to their deaths and to aggravate the troubles of high and low alike in order to contend for an empty city is to throw away what one lacks and to add to what one has in surplus. To govern like this is not what the business of a state requires.

饰攻战者也言曰：南则荆吴之王，北则齐晋之君，始封于天下之时，其土地之方，未至有数百里也；人徒之众，未至有数十万人也。以攻战之故，土地之博至有数千里，人徒之众至有数百万人，是故攻战之速也。子墨子言曰：虽四五国则得利焉，犹谓之非行道也。譬若医之药人之有病者然，今有医于此，和合其祝药之于天下之有病者而药之，万人食此，若医四五人得利焉，犹谓之非行药也。故孝子不以食其亲，忠臣不以食其君。古者封国于天下，尚者以耳之所闻，近者以目之所见，以攻战亡者不可胜数。何以知其然也？东方有莒之国者，其为国甚小，间于大国之间，不敬事于大，大国亦弗之从而爱利。是以东者越人夹削其壤地，西者齐人兼而有之。计莒之所以亡于齐越之间者，以是攻战也。虽南者陈蔡，其所以亡于吴越之间者，亦以攻战。虽北者且一、不著何，其所以亡于燕代胡貊之间者，亦以攻战也。是故子墨子曰：古者有语：「谋而不得，则以往知来，以见知隐。」谋若此，可得而知矣。

Those who dress up aggressive warfare say: 'In the south, the kings of Jing and Wu; in the north, the lords of Qi and Jin: when they were first enfeoffed in the world, their territory did not amount to several hundred li square, nor their populations to several hundred thousand. Because of aggressive warfare, their territory has grown to several thousand li and their populations to several millions. So aggressive warfare is quick to bring results.' Master Mozi said: Though four or five states may have profited, we still call this not practicing the Way. It is like a physician treating people's illnesses with medicine. Suppose there is a physician here who compounds his drugs and gives them to all the sick people in the world; if ten thousand people take them and only four or five are benefited, we would still say this is no working medicine. So a filial son would not give it to his parents, nor a loyal minister to his ruler. Of the states enfeoffed in the world in antiquity, the earlier ones known by what the ear has heard and the later ones by what the eye has seen, those that perished through aggressive warfare are beyond counting. How do we know this is so? In the east there was the state of Ju, a very small state wedged between great states. It did not respectfully serve the great states, and the great states in turn did not care for and benefit it. So on the east the men of Yue pared away its territory, and on the west the men of Qi annexed and possessed it. Reckoning why Ju perished between Qi and Yue, it was because of aggressive warfare. And in the south, Chen and Cai perished between Wu and Yue, likewise because of aggressive warfare. And in the north, Juyi and Buzhuhe perished among Yan, Dai, the Hu, and the Mo, likewise because of aggressive warfare. This is why Master Mozi said: There is an ancient saying: 'When planning yields nothing, use the past to know the future and use the seen to know the hidden.' Plan in this way, and it can be known.

饰攻战者之言曰：彼不能收用彼众，是故亡。我能收用我众，以此攻战于天下，谁敢不宾服哉？子墨子言曰：子虽能收用子之众，子岂若古者吴阖闾哉？古者吴阖闾教七年，奉甲执兵，奔三百里而舍焉，次注林，出于冥隘之径，战于柏举，中楚国而朝宋与鲁。及至夫差之身，北而攻齐，舍于汶上，战于艾陵，大败齐人而葆之大山。东而攻越，济三江五湖，而葆之会稽。九夷之国莫不宾服。于是退不能赏孤，施舍群萌，自恃其力，伐其攻，誉其智，怠于教，遂筑姑苏之台，七年不成。及若此，则吴有离罢之心。越王句践视吴上下不相得，收其众以复其讐。入北郭，徙大内，围王宫，而吴国以亡。昔者晋有六将军，而智伯莫为强焉。计其土地之博，人徒之众，欲以抗诸侯，以为英名。故差论其爪牙之士，比列其舟车之众，以攻中行氏而有之。以其谋为既已足矣，又攻兹范氏而大败之。并三家以为一家而不止，又围赵襄子于晋阳。及若此，则韩魏亦相从而谋曰：「古者有语：『唇亡则齿寒。』赵氏朝亡，我夕从之；赵氏夕亡，吾朝从之。诗曰：『鱼水不务，陆将何及乎？』」是以三主之君一心戮力，辟门除道，奉甲兴士，韩魏自外，赵氏自内，击智伯，大败之。

Those who dress up aggressive warfare say: 'They perished because they could not gather and employ their masses. We can gather and employ our masses, and with them wage war across the world; who will dare not submit?' Master Mozi said: Though you may be able to gather and employ your masses, how could you compare with Helü of Wu in antiquity? In antiquity Helü of Wu trained his troops for seven years; then, bearing armor and carrying weapons, they ran three hundred li before making camp. They halted at Zhulin, came out through the pass of Ming'ai, fought at Boju, struck into the heart of Chu, and made Song and Lu come to court. By the time of Fuchai, he attacked Qi to the north, camped on the Wen, fought at Ailing, inflicted a great defeat on the men of Qi, and drove them to shelter at Mount Tai. He attacked Yue to the east, crossed the Three Rivers and the Five Lakes, and drove them to shelter at Kuaiji. Of the states of the Nine Yi, none failed to submit. But then, on his return, he could not reward the orphaned or give to the common people. He relied on his own strength, boasted of his exploits, extolled his own wisdom, and grew slack in instruction. He set about building the Gusu Terrace, and in seven years it was not finished. By this point the people of Wu had grown weary and alienated. King Goujian of Yue saw that high and low in Wu were at odds, gathered his masses to avenge his grievance, entered the northern outer wall, moved on the great inner palace, surrounded the royal palace, and so the state of Wu perished. In former times Jin had six generals, and among them none was stronger than Zhi Bo. Reckoning the breadth of his territory and the number of his people, he wished to stand against the lords and win a heroic name. So he selected his fiercest warriors, marshaled his host of boats and chariots, and attacked the house of Zhonghang and took it. Thinking his plans already sufficient, he next attacked the house of Fan and inflicted a great defeat on it. Having combined three houses into one, he still did not stop, but besieged Zhao Xiangzi at Jinyang. At this, Han and Wei took counsel with each other, saying: 'There is an ancient saying: “When the lips are gone, the teeth are cold.” If the Zhao perish in the morning, we follow in the evening; if the Zhao perish in the evening, we follow in the morning. The Ode says: “If the fish do not act while in the water, how can they manage once on land?”' So the rulers of the three houses, of one mind and united in effort, opened their gates and cleared the roads, took up armor and raised their troops, Han and Wei from without and Zhao from within, and struck Zhi Bo and inflicted a great defeat on him.

是故子墨子言曰：古者有语曰：「君子不镜于水，而镜于人。镜于水见面之容，镜于人则知吉与凶。」今以功战为利，则盖尝鉴之于智伯之事乎？此其为不吉而凶，既可得而知矣。

Therefore Master Mozi said: There is an ancient saying: 'The gentleman does not use water as his mirror, but uses other people as his mirror. Mirrored in water, one sees the features of one's face; mirrored in other people, one knows good fortune from ill.' Now those who take aggressive warfare to be beneficial, might they not take the affair of Zhi Bo as their mirror? That it is not good fortune but ill can already be known.